ABSTRACT
This chapter analyzes the patterns of social injustices in ethnicity, gender, and sexuality under the authoritarian regime, and the changes in remedying these injustices after democratization in Taiwan. Applying Fraser's concepts of justice, this study reveals that under the authoritarian Taiwan, all three social groups share similar social injustices but in different forms: the struggle for ethnic and sexual justice is closely associated with recognition, and the struggle for gender justice is closely associated with both recognition and redistribution. Democratization brought about significant changes in ethnic, gender, and sexuality issues but in different ways. On the one hand, many of the changes in the ethnic relations, which have long been entangled with the issues of national identity, take on a rather top-down approach, being mobilized by political parties and affected by the regime changes. On the other hand, many gender-related issues and progressions initially took a relatively bottom-up approach; that is, women's movements took the initiatives and pushed through many of the policy reforms in gender relations. In between, the changing process in sexuality issues has been quite a combination of both the society-led and state-led approaches. The LGBT groups organized and campaigned to struggle against injustices, yet the changing political process remained the key to explain the obstacles and progresses in sexuality issues. In short, all these political processes have not always joined together in a cohesive manner, but social movements and party competitions in the critical elections have created incentives and opportunity structures to bring about many social and policy changes over the past decades.
