ABSTRACT
“Reflections on Femininity” discusses FGM from multiple perspectives. Farahmand considers the rite of passage to adulthood, defining femininity as conformity to socially approved appearance in grooming and dress, obedience, roles of elder women, and strong female bonding through the practice itself. Since her viewpoints are not only relevant to FGM-practicing countries but are also revealing when applied to all patriarchal nations, Farahmand’s analysis leads us to examine our own culture. Of course, Farahmand asserts that FGM is the most extreme form of violence to women, causing excruciating pain, both physical and mental, from which survivors suffer for the rest of their lives. As a Japanese woman, however, I would like to add that ways to control women’s sexuality vary only by degree. For example, in Japanese society, virginity is highly valued, and losing it causes very negative consequences for girls, whereas boys seeking sexual pleasure are often tolerated. Furthermore, Japanese women internalize the social message that being young and sexually attractive is extremely desirable, so nowadays more women try unnecessary and dangerous plastic surgeries. As Alice Walker said in Warrior Marks, “the assault on women is worldwide,” and its universality undeniable. Therefore, being united and fighting to stop the mutilation of girls’ genitals benefit women the world over.
