ABSTRACT
This chapter outlines some of the key physiological considerations for female athletes from prepubescence to menopause and describes how the differences in hormonal profiles between females and males contribute to recommendations for physical exercise, training, and nutrition. A brief outline of how the menstrual cycle and hormonal contraceptive use change the daily hormonal profile of female athletes, common menstrual dysfunctions to be aware of, and the relationship with training, performance, and nutrition are reviewed. Finally, practical considerations when working with female athletes are discussed, such as the current lack of research supporting sex-specific nutritional advice, the influence of individuals’ sociocultural environment on their food and exercise choices, and recommended tests for yearly screening and routine monitoring practices worth implementing for female athletes.
