ABSTRACT
Cyber denotes more than just a structural national-security environment, however. It also encompasses a set of cyber capabilities and an array of cyber operations. Moore focuses on the spectre of cyber warfare, a subset of intangible warfare, rather than cyber war. The term ‘cyber war’ is all too often used to ‘depict a conflict wholly waged through networks, detached from other forms of political contest’. While the term ‘offensive cyber operations’ can encompass an array of activity, including computer-network exploitation and computer-network attacks, Moore focuses his attention squarely on the latter. Event-based offensive operations ‘represent immediate attacks against networks and equipment’, while presence-based offensive operations ‘involve lengthy intrusions that culminate in an attack’. Finally, emerging technologies are imperilling the secrecy that lies at the heart of espionage.
