ABSTRACT
As the UK and EU enter the second phase of Brexit negotiations, during which their future relationship should be defined, questions over UK–EU cooperation in the security field are becoming more salient. EU sanctions policy is an area in which member states have been working together with mounting efficiency. EU sanctions have displayed increasing sophistication as well, with more recent measures encompassing fund-transfer controls and complex restrictions on certain types of products. EU sanctions regimes are the product of a sophisticated, complicated and time-consuming process that governs how member states arrive at legally binding decisions. In the past, the UK, France and Germany have often come to an informal decision on sanctions before seeking the agreement of other EU member states. While the scope of the future security- and foreign-policy relationship between the UK and the EU is far from agreed, one thing is clear: the UK will lose its seat at the EU decision-making table.
