ABSTRACT
The importance of information and cyber operations within the strategies of Russia and China, two revisionist powers engaged in asymmetric warfare against the United States, is often underappreciated. This chapter explores the differences between how these three actors view cyberspace and examines the use of domestic proxies by Russia and China to confront opponents. It also emphasizes the central role of information as an instrument of war in Russia and China’s modern approaches to warfare. The chapter also discusses the contrasting organizational approaches of the United States, China, and Russia in addressing cyberspace threats, and highlights the importance of understanding the United States, China, and Russia’s differing approaches to information and cyberspace operations, especially since they have become central elements in the strategies of primarily Russia and now China to asymmetrically engage the United States. Ultimately, recognizing and analyzing these dynamics are crucial for formulating effective countermeasures and enhancing U.S. national security in an interconnected and digitally dependent world.
