ABSTRACT
This chapter explains the powerful principles of criticism, which is key to learning, and makes learning a perilous experience, emotionally and intellectually. Scholars in higher education resist the idea that critical thinking is a set of generic skills that can be taught independent of subject matter. They claim that it's central to the learning of any subject and uniquely shaped by the nature of the subject matter. The distinction often made between active and passive learning highlights the difference between thinking while learning, versus learning without thinking at all. Theories can link human actions to the achievement of a purpose. Meehan proposed a theory of knowledge restricted to a few general patterns that can be used to make decisions that can then be implemented. His theory sweeps away a lot of controversy and leaves a set of relatively simple instruments that could be used and mastered. These patterns and instruments represent a version of critical thinking.
