ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a theoretical approach to the development of belonging. It explains key influences that shape student belonging, including the campus environment; relationships with peers and educators; involvement opportunities; and academic success, including mastery of the student role. The chapter honors the work of prior scholars who have theorized belonging. It examines the roots of belonging, including the notion that belonging is a fundamental universal motivation. The chapter provides a very brief overview of evolutionary theory, social cognitive neuroscience, and psychosocial development. Combined, these historical perspectives offer valuable insight into why belonging is, and has been, such an essential aspect of the life experiences for all human beings, including college students. Evolutionary theory requires an appreciation for the deeply implanted aspect of human nature to strive to establish and maintain a sense of group belonging, and to experience emotions associated with loneliness when social connections are inadequate.
