ABSTRACT
This chapter elaborates on four elements that have been highlighted by several scholars as essential to address complex challenges: knowledge and capacities, set of organizations and their interactions, science, technology, and innovation policies, and the global connectivity and the need for coordination between public and private organizations. A lesson from the pandemic is the need to rethink the System of Innovation framework to include elements from inclusion, responsibility, and governance while keeping at the core the need to identify and invest in strategic sectors to ensure national sovereignty and global collaboration in times of external shocks. Knowledge is essential to treat COVID-19 using medications and medical equipment. The creation of knowledge is crucial for addressing new and complex challenges, and it requires the participation of multiple organizations, collaboration, and cooperation. As highlighted in the literature on transformative innovation, it is necessary to acknowledge the different interconnected systems to bring a solution to society.
