ABSTRACT
With the rise of welfare and distributive states in the post-war world, the social wage unemployment benefits, social security, housing allowances, tax credits, pensions, subsidised health care has become a much more important symbolic and economic good. If the authors consider the various categories, three broad categories appear citizens whose rights are extensive, an intermediate group (the denizens) and a group which remains a subject population akin to the ancient helots who hewed wood and toiled for the Spartans without access to democratic rights, property or protection. Hammar has produced a remarkable calculation that resident non-citizens living and working in European countries include 180,000 in Belgium, 2,800,000 in France, 2,620,000 in West Germany, 400,000 in the Netherlands, 390,000 in Sweden and 700,000 in Switzerland. In addition to these undoubted advantages, citizens of the European nations within the European Community will soon have untrammelled rights to live, work, own property and travel within a wider Europe.
