ABSTRACT
The main component of the daily energy turnover (ADMR = average daily metabolic rate) in the average subject is the energy expenditure for maintenance processes, usually called basal metabolic rate (BMR). This is the energy expenditure for the ongoing processes in the body in the resting state, when no food is digested and no energy is needed for temperature regulation, i.e. in the post-absorptive state in a thermoneutral environment. BMR is usually expressed as a function of body size to allow comparisons between subjects and even between species. The remaining components of ADMR are the diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) and the energy expenditure for (physical) activity (EEA). DIT is a fraction of energy intake of about 10% depending on the macronutrient composition of the food consumed. EEA is the most variable component of the daily energy turnover, ranging between an average value of 25–30% up to 75% in extreme situations during heavy sustained exercise. Table 1.1 shows some examples of energy intake in endurance, strength and team sport athletes. Energy intake data of different endurance, strength, and team sport athletes<xref ref-type="fn" rid="tblfn1_1_1"> <sup>a</sup> </xref> https://www.niso.org/standards/z39-96/ns/oasis-exchange/table">
Type of sport b
Sex
Energy intake Mean
(kJ kg–1 day–1) Range
Endurance (E)
1 Tour de France
M
347
286–388
2 Tour de l'Avenir
M
316
247–378
3 Triathlon
M
272
246–295
4 Cycling, amateur
M
253
207–314
5 Marathon skating
M
222
175–294
6 Swimming
M
221
119–300
7 Rowing
M
189
167–225
8 Running
M
193
127–311
9 Rowing
F
186
140–200
10 Cycling, amateur
F
164
115–215
11 Running
F
168
123–218
12 Sub-top swimming
F
200
2–338
Strength (S)
1 Body building
M
157
106–183
2 Judo
M
157
76–210
3 Weight lifting
M
167
99–203
4 Judo
M
177
60–325
5 Top gymnastics
F
158
91–216
6 Sub-top
F
206
113–334
gymnastics
7 Body building
F
110
91–133
Team Sport (T)
1 Water polo
M
194
92–299
2 Soccer
M
192
118–287
3 Hockey
M
181
167–217
4 Volley
F
140
101–229
5 Hockey
F
145
91–199
6 Handball
F
142
78–271
From Erp-Baart et al. (1989).
Subjects were élite athletes including European, World and Olympic medal winners. Data were obtained by a 4 or 7 day food diary. Recently we were able to compare recorded intake with measured expenditure using the doubly labelled water method. The results from the comparison often show recorded intake to be a lower estimate of energy requirements (see below).
