ABSTRACT
Since electromyography (EMG) has become a tool to analyse the muscular activity and aspects of motion patterns in swimming, it has focused mostly on the frontcrawl (58 % of swimming research). Since Ikai et al. (1964), the model of movement in which the EMG was incorporated has been observed from the side with the swimmer’s arm in a continuum of input-pull-push-output-recovery phases. This two-dimensional model was used and described by many but the detail of time and pattern distribution within the total arm cycle movement was determined by Vaday and Nemessuri (1971) (Fig. 1). With Ikai et al. (1964) and Lewillie (1967, 1968) as methodological founders of EMG research in aquatics, over 30 different authors investigated the myoelectrical signals of the classic swimming technique (Clarys and Cabri, 1993) and all were studied with a two-dimensional pattern or a phase distribution seen from the side. In other words the muscular participation in the frontcrawl is well known albeit from the pull-push perspective. Clearly this two-dimensional pull-push movement pattern seen from its side view and as a standard model gives little detail of the inward and outward sculling of the upper extremity complex. Arm motion phases and cycle timing in free style swimming based on the side view model. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781315024875/65505570-623e-4fc4-8ffc-c2853b62b3f4/content/fig22_01_B.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
