ABSTRACT
Representation is important not only in education but in most human activities. The question of representations is an ancient one for philosophers, and psychologists have also turned their attention to it. It has remained a long-standing question because of its difficulty and of the lack of a clear framework for thinking about it. The development of Artificial Intelligence has drawn attention back to representations and representation systems, in part by focusing on the problem of bridging novices' (or pupils') existing representations with those of the expert (or teacher), thus making the issue of representations central in thinking about learning.
