ABSTRACT
Segregation can manifest itself in industries, occupations, and even in location. Vertical segregation is more complex than horizontal segregation in that it involves many different aspects of inequality, such as differences in skills, responsibility, pay, status, and power. The percentage of the labor force that should be reallocated, rather than the Duncan index per se, can be used as an indicator of labor misallocation and potential efficiency losses. The institutional models, which are alternative theories to the neoclassical models, locate the source of occupational sex segregation in employers discriminatory practices or their attempts to prevent worker solidaritye been put forward in an attempt to account for sex segregation; none of them, however, offers a complete account for its levels and persistence. Feminists view the human-capital and internal/dual-labor-market theories as inadequate since neither incorporates the concept of gender into its analysis or gives it a central place.
