As part of their modifications of the GDR framework, Fan et al in Chapter 1 have developed a specific recommendation regarding when the onset of binding commitments might be justified for China. Their proposal suggests that countries above a ‘graduation threshold’ for emissions should automatically face compulsory mitigation. This threshold is defined as the level of accumulative consumption emissions per capita of the Annex 1 country with the lowest level of such emissions (currently, this happens to be Romania). Countries below the graduation threshold could pursue voluntary mitigation activities but would not be compelled to mitigate.