ABSTRACT
The idea of citizenship as a territorially based identity regulated by the authority of an individual nation-state is increasingly outdated in an age simultaneously characterized by globalization and fragmentation (Werbner and Yuval-Davis 1999). At a general level, this relates to transformations in the global operation of capital and labour (Mittlemen 1996; Pettman 1999). More specifically, however, radical developments in technology and communications — such as satellite links, information technology and modern transportation — now facilitate instantaneous communication and decision-making across territorial boundaries (Pettman 1999; Samad 1999; Appaduri 1990). The net effect of the latter processes has been greater informational and cultural exchange among individuals and organizations, a reduction in the ability of nation-states to direct and manage relations of power, wealth and identity among their respective citizens, and an increased ability to influence events and activities taking place, within other nation-states.
