ABSTRACT
This chapter demonstrates that the utility of that framework through analysis of two cases: the negotiations of the Desertification Convention and of the Kyoto Protocol to the Climate Change Convention. Using the methodological strategy, it illustrates how the framework strengthens findings of nongovernmental organization (NGO) influence in any given case, as well as allows for comparison between cases. After comparing the outcomes, the chapter provides a discussion about explanatory factors that contribute to the variation of NGO influence in international environmental negotiations. The chapter examines the political effectiveness of NGOs in international environmental negotiations by analyzing their influence. Process tracing requires researchers to build a logical chain of evidence linking NGO participation in international environmental negotiations with the effects of that participation. Further theoretical development requires moving beyond the question of whether NGOs influence international environmental negotiations to a focus on the conditions under which they matter.
