ABSTRACT
The Kazakh khanate, along with its subordinate unit was gradually incorporated into the Russian Empire from the eighteenth century, but the Central Asian khanates and emirates underwent the same process about a century later. The economy of the Soviet Asian republics thus became an integral component of the single national economic complex of the USSR. Central subsidies to Central Asia played a major role in accelerating the process of modernization in this region. Kazakhstan's policy of transferring enterprises in such branches as industrial production, energy and fuel, communications, and pipelines to foreign control and ownership is extremely risky. Uzbekistan conducts a policy of ensuring self-sufficiency in grain by taking land that had previously been used to raise cotton and instead expands the areas sown to cereals. Kyrgyzstan has surpassed all the other Central Asian countries in the pace of its transition to a market economy.
