ABSTRACT
The use of electronic monitoring (EM) has grown rapidly in Europe and elsewhere and is likely to continue to do so. EM relies on technologies of remote control going from radio frequency (RF) over voice verification to control the presence at a certain place at a certain time period to satellite tracking, using global positioning systems (GPS tracking) to continuously control the location and movements of people. EM can be used at all stages of the criminal justice process: pre-trial, sentencing, sentence execution, and post sentence. This chapter introduces two EM models: when EM is used as a standalone sentence, the technical control is an end in itself; when EM is part of an integrated measure, it intends to serve long-term rehabilitation-oriented goals and practices. Further, we distinguish supervision from support, where we regard support without supervision as an ‘EM style of rehabilitation’, which we also describe as ‘passive’ rehabilitation. This can be contrasted to the so-called ‘active’ form of rehabilitation that is more desistance oriented and intends to actively focus on underlying problems and difficulties that are linked to previous offending and the situation of the supervisee.
