ABSTRACT
The presence or absence of resources does not create a self-fulfilling prophecy of conflict. Unequal access to resources and the uneven distribution of benefits derived from resource extraction can create tensions and social discontent. Threats to traditional livelihoods or governance of land and resource rights that is opaque, corrupt, or poorly enforced can transform these tensions into direct confrontation or conflict. The environment can be deliberately targeted to weaken or destroy opposing groups. Valuable resources located inside conflict zones can also be extracted by rebel groups or governments to fund war, thus prolonging conflict. Violent conflict also transforms institutions and governance mechanisms. Local-level governance that provides opportunities for inclusive engagement can empower vulnerable and marginalized communities, reconfigure power dynamics, and reduce sources of tension among communities. Environmental peacebuilding research has evolved substantially over the last three decades.
