ABSTRACT
Movements ‘have become vessels for articulating and enacting a critique of conventional, representative politics’. In fact, right-wing parties and movements are mostly associated with the cultural dimension of crisis. David Bailey has divided the potential responses social democratic parties can have to emerging social movements associated with the crises into seven main categories: alliance, substantive advocacy, reformulated representation, superficial advocacy, non-reaction, dismissal, and repression. In relation to cooperation, scholars have highlighted the role of social movements as a necessary and supplementary institution in modern democracy, rather than as an alternative to political parties. Social movements have been identified as political actors that are able to put new issues on the political agenda, often against the will of, or in direct conflict with, established political parties. Movements can actively resist appropriation of their agenda by playing a militant role at least for some time.
