ABSTRACT
Organizational and professional incentives may be in part incompatible, so that a problem of integration of incentive systems arises. The university, industrial firm, and government agency vary in the emphasis they give to basic research, application, and administration, and therefore in the use of professional and organizational incentives. A professional employee may be strongly oriented toward the profession in which he has been trained, the organization for which he works, both the profession and the organization, or neither of them. Industrial establishments tend to stress organizational incentives for at least two reasons. Long and satisfactory use of organizational incentives for other job categories leads organizations to resist changing the structure of incentives to accommodate professional employees. Second, the incentive system is not merely a means for eliciting desired contributions; it also embodies the organization's values, so that different incentive systems are viewed as competing sources of loyalty.
