ABSTRACT
The distinction between cosmopolitans and locals seems particularly promising because it focuses attention on the tensions between the modern organization's needs for loyalty and expertise. It suggests that certain types, the dedicated, the elder, the true bureaucrat, and the homeguard locals subserve the group's need for loyalty, while the cosmopolitans function to satisfy the group's need for expertise. If the dedicated locals can be said to be concerned about the integrity of the organizational values, the true bureaucrat locals are concerned about the security of the organization. The cosmopolitans have relatively little integration in either the formal or informal structure of the organization. These are the "true believers" who are identified with and affirm the distinctive ideology of their organization. In studies of the industrial or factory bureaucracies many cleavages and conflicts are organized around the manifest roles and are too evident to be missed.
