ABSTRACT
This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the key concepts discussed in the preceding chapters of this book. The book provides the readers with rudimentary fallacies in ways –professionals and political leaders–construe and deals with complex problems in social and political spheres of contemporary life. It discusses generalizations across cases and demonstrates the depth and pervasiveness of the problem. The book introduces the major concepts: errors of the third and fourth kinds and presents an initial framework for Type 3 and Type 4 errors, focusing on an underlying distinction between a problem and an exercise. It explores the errors of the third and fourth kind in the domain of the American national security, which the authors label National Insecurity. The book demonstrates errors of the third and fourth kind in the academia, accused of misrepresenting reality and explains to misuse of science, is to portray our way of thinking about problems, explicating the philosophical underpinnings of science.
