ABSTRACT
In the New Federalism the pyramid model was retained and strengthened, but the emphasis was on decentralizing operations within it. Managerialism is an organizational response to the industrial revolution, in many respects typically American but with strong roots in the military and bureaucratic traditions of Prussia and France. Federal democracy remained strong even in the face of the challenge of managerialism, not because of overt ideological understanding and commitment, but because of the constellation of local interests in each civil community. The data clearly indicate that it is possible to preserve considerable local autonomy, even in a period of intense federal activity, by utilizing the governmental mechanisms of the civil community, especially when the civil community unites to utilize them. The creation of civil community can reestablish the possibility for properly negotiating with the federal government in matters affecting the city.
