ABSTRACT
The influence of disinfection by-products (DBPs) on the operation and design of water treatment plants has been increasing since the early studies by Rook 1 and Stevens et al. 2 on trihalomethanes (THMs). Work conducted in the 1980s identified the existence of nonvolatile halogenated organics (non-THM organics), of which the majority produced by chlorination were haloacetic acids (HAAs). 3 , 4 Within the HAAs, dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) were the dominant members.
