ABSTRACT
The theory of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) is based on one simple idea: that crime results partly from the opportunities presented by physical environment. The goal of CPTED is to reduce opportunities for crime that may be inherent in the design of structures or in the design of neighborhoods. The first-generation CPTED principles like natural access control and natural surveillance provide a clear line of sight to discourage criminals from using the safe zone for their activities. In its first-generation form, the CPTED theory is underpinned by the three requirements of natural surveillance, natural access control, and territorial reinforcement. First-generation CPTED draws criticism from criminologists who argue that many environmental strategies only shift criminal behavior rather than reducing it. The second generation CPTED is intended to augment physical environmental design through the addition of a socially cohesive stratagem.
