ABSTRACT
Construction documents for crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) include the construction drawings and a manual of materials and product specifications. During bidding and negotiation, the contractors may request material or product substitutions to reduce cost. Contractors may not understand that the substitutions are not "equivalent" and may negatively impact the CPTED principles that should be addressed. Breaking and entering, vandalism, and graffiti increase the life costs of such materials by the cost to replace the materials or to repair the damage done to the site in a timely manner, in order to implement the CPTED maintenance principle. Observation of the construction activities throughout the construction process is vital to the success of the design to ensure that the design is true to the plan and the specified materials are used in the construction process. The implementation of CPTED principles by property owners, managers, and residents is necessary to the deterrence of crime and the sense of safety for residents.
