ABSTRACT
This chapter shows that, by the 1910s–1920s, revolution in India gradually came to signify the same as elsewhere, after republicanism and socialism became widespread ideologies. In 1906, Barindra Kumar started Jugantar, a weekly newspaper whose circulation soared to 50,000 copies in 1908, a sign of the popularity of the revolutionaries in Bengal after the mass mobilization of the Swadeshi movement. In 1885, the Indian National Congress was born with the coming together of members of the Indian elite who were mostly preoccupied to lobby the British in order to improve their position in the state apparatus. The commonly accepted divide between a legalist Congress believing in non-violence and a revolutionary movement constraint to clandestinity and adept of terrorism is a myth. The revolutionary repertoire has changed with time. Replete with religious references at the beginning of the twentieth century, it has become secular in the inter-war period.
