ABSTRACT
In terms of trade liberalization, Malaysia has liberalized unilaterally, multilaterally and regionally, as well as bilaterally. This makes Malaysia an interesting case study to assess the impact of liberalization on private higher education. This chapter reviews Malaysia's commitments, followed by an assessment of the competitive threats from Malaysia's commitments regarding commercial presence in private higher education. Multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements are negotiated and ratified, partly to prevent the reversal of liberalization efforts by binding a country's commitments. Education services in trade agreements are defined according to the level of instruction of higher education, adult, and other education services. Which concepts of profitability apply and whether public universities that seek to develop new sources of revenue would be deemed to be providing services on a commercial basis. Malaysia as a trading nation with a relatively small has participated in trade liberalization efforts at the multilateral, regional and bilateral levels in order to gain market access for its exporters.
