ABSTRACT
This chapter explores some of the ways in which the ujamaa program was directly and indirectly informed by and related to a range of hybrid socialist models in the larger 1960s world. It suggests that three key concerns of political elites in sites such as ujamaa-era Tanzania: national service, national symbolism, and national sovereignty. The National Service grew and eventually played a prominent role in both modeling the kind of socialist service that ujamaa celebrated and producing militants who helped enforce compulsory villagization across the countryside. Although it became marginalized from mainstream Israeli politics over time, a strain of Zionist socialism was active at the moment in which many African colonies began to gain their independence. Yugoslavia's relationship to agrarian socialism was less pronounced by this moment workers' self-management, and what came to be known as "market socialism." The chapter focuses on this moment through comparative and connective examination of peripheral socialisms in the 1960s world.
