ABSTRACT
Regulatory scholars agree that we now live in a post-regulatory state in which regulation has become decentred and the role of governance has become dispersed across a range of non-state entities. A lasting contribution that Grabosky has made to studies on the post-regulatory state is to point out that regulatory pluralism has been a central outcome. This has seen non-state third parties emerge both spontaneously and through the policy levers of government to become equal, if not more powerful players, than central states in regulatory governance. This chapter explores these arguments and draws on examples across two very different and contrasting regulatory domains, i.e. illicit drugs and gambling, to highlight the role of third parties in compliance co-production. It outlines how Grabosky's work provides a toolkit for policy-makers to understand the process of regulation, how it is shaped and enhanced and the risks presented by an increasing reliance on third party regulation.
