ABSTRACT
An intractable conflict has an extensive history, including a tumultuous present, and uncertain future. Bringing normalcy to interpersonal, intergroup, and interstate relations in a prolonged conflict requires the deescalation of a struggle that should eventually lead to peacebuilding. Conflict transformation involves the creation of self-supporting and durable relationships along with the recognition of justice as a goal. Dramatic system changes may proceed from actor transformations. There are diverse sources involved in producing changes at personal, group, and system level. Rivalry for leadership between factions makes concession to the other party difficult. The Arab Spring started in Tunisia following the self-immolation of a young fruit vendor that triggered mass protests. This event resulted in the formation of a democratic government along with the coalition of civil society groups supporting institutional reform. Civilian causalities in military assaults along with economic hardships deepen grievances; the Afghan population has been alienated by attacks on civilian villages suspected of hosting Taliban forces in Afghanistan.
