ABSTRACT
This chapter explores internal connections between various ways of conceptualizing citizenship. It seeks to single out major field lines of reference/sense polarity as they are displayed in the conceptual history of citizenship and the models and usages of the concept of citizenship, as well as the conceptual developments linking models with their usage. The universal scheme of citizenship order can essentially be described as human conditions that match up dissent living with your own 'fellow citizens', whoever they me be—compatriots, kin, neighbours or members of some other community. Extending tribal, chiefdom communities and their alliances could not rely on the patterns of direct rule of kinship genes or even tribes. Citizenship in its narrow sense of membership in a nation state is quite new, both as a phenomenon and a notion. European and other multiple citizenships provide a major theoretical challenge for political science.
