ABSTRACT
Border related obstacles appear to play a large role in international transport flows. A typology of possible backgrounds to such obstacles is given in this chapter. Empirical results are shown for various transport modes: car, bus (public transport), train, and plane. Special attention is given to business and freight transport because these most accurately re- flect the effects of borders on the organisation of economic activity on different sides of borders. We find some evidence that border effects are smaller for business and freight transport than they are for other travel motives. This seems to be an indication that the development of openness in regional development has proceeded further than is sometimes thought. The gap between domestic commercial interaction and cross-border commercial interaction, however, remains significant.
