ABSTRACT
The appearance of several new international scientific journals, and the relaunch of existing journals with a view to improved coverage of the field, is evidence of the growth of research in the area. A great deal has been written in analysis of the causes of the massive unemployment in Europe. Since the 1970s, western societies have been faced with serious structural unemployment. The development of public policy in response to exclusion and the increased risk of exclusion are revealed in somewhat symptomatic terms that refer increasingly to the unemployed who are 'hard to place'. Compensation measures for the unemployed have taken on a growing importance in public employment policy. The selective approach is expressed in particular through a raft of measures based on new forms of work linking productive work with social integration, in the case through the creation of temporary jobs in the public and non-profit sectors.
