ABSTRACT
The most influential models of concrete ethics are hybrids that combine elements of application with elements of balancing. The central assertion of the model of specification is that specifying our norms is the most important aspect of resolving concrete ethical problems, so that once our norms are adequately specified for a given context, it will be sufficiently obvious what ought to be done. By a "model of how to resolve concrete ethical problems" mean a schema of what it would be to bring norms to bear on a case so as to indicate clearly what ought to be done. The set in a medical context in which the ruling model is that of a hybrid deontology along the lines of Ross, and the other is a case that would be treated as ethical only by certain value-maximizing or value-balancing ethical views.
