ABSTRACT
This chapter highlights the social control aspects of a variety of welfare programs for the aged. The work of Herbert Spencer and other social Darwinists drew a Hobbesian picture of humankind as naturally animalistic and competitive. In this context, nineteenth century social theorists became interested in the study of specific mechanisms of social control whereby the group constrains individual behaviour. Concern among early social scientists about presumed animal drives within individuals and the desirability of social order has led to a dual approach in studying social control. The elderly have achieved greater economic security; they have a national policy network in place, and they are growing in number. Social Security led to an increase in autonomy with respect to intergenerational relationships; it became possible for millions of elderly Americans to remain economically independent of their middle-aged children. The pension benefits have increased the economic well-being of the elderly and in so doing have increased their autonomy.
