ABSTRACT
This chapter explores how the specificity of cyberspace challenges traditional military strategies. First, the lack of object permanence in cyberspace undermines the concept of maneuver. Second, limited or absent measurement of effectiveness in offensive cyber complicates the application of strategies. Third, conflicts executed at computational speed remove the time window for meaningful strategic leadership. Fourth, anonymity makes the parties to the conflict unknown. In these conditions, the application of traditional military thinking in cyber is likely to lead to incorrect conclusions regarding strategic achievements and abilities in the pre-conflict stage, increasing the risk of strategic failure.
