ABSTRACT
In this chapter, we consider ethical concerns raised by the development of companion robots for children and older people, and the role of empirical evidence in those concerns. Following an overview of existing robot companions, the differing priorities and needs of children and vulnerable older people are highlighted. It is argued that in most cases the concerns and risks of developing robot companions for children outweigh any expected benefits. Companion robots for older people also create risks such as a reduction in social contact, and a loss of privacy. However, it is argued here that a more favourable case can be made for the use of robot pets for older people with cognitive impairments – because such robots could offer opportunities that might not be otherwise available. The chapter focuses on the example of the Paro seal robot, developed as a robot companion for people with dementia. A review of empirical investigations of the effects of the Paro seal robot is followed by a more general discussion of the ways in which empirical evidence should be taken into account in ethical evaluations of the benefits and risks of robot applications. The importance of grounding an ethical assessment in awareness of current and near future robot abilities and in evidence of their effects is emphasized. At the same time, some difficult questions about selecting and prioritizing different kinds of evidence are contemplated. It is concluded that, although available evidence cannot determine the outcome of an ethical evaluation, it should be sought out and considered in order to ensure that any ethical evaluation is informed and realistic.
