ABSTRACT
Coastal development activities, such as rapid urbanization, industrialization, and land reclamation, have had adverse impacts on the marine environment particularly in developing countries. The common property nature of coastal resources, such as wetlands and mangroves, is a major factor leading to excessive exploitation and even extinction of plant and animal species. Coastal development has also created intergenerational externalities, such as climate change, that can impose excessive costs on future generations. Increased degradation of the coastal environment due to unsustainable use patterns has caused social instability in these areas.
