ABSTRACT
The final two decades of the twelfth century saw the beginning of a Christian mission to one of the last pagan regions of medieval Europe: the land on the north-eastern shore of the Baltic Sea known as Livonia, corresponding to modern Estonia and Latvia. By around 1230 most of Livonia had been conquered and Christianized by the efforts of Western missionaries, crusaders and warrior monks belonging to the Roman Catholic (Latin) Church, although campaigns continued against the still pagan Lettish and Lithuanian tribes which surrounded it.
