ABSTRACT
The nature of the distinction between culture and social system is brought out more clearly when one considers the contrasting sorts of integration characteristic of each of them. A more differentiated class system, more bureaucratic and impersonal forms of government, greater heterogeneity of social background, all tend to lead to the same result: the de-emphasis of strictly geographical ties in favor of diffusely ideological ones. In Modjokuto, as in most of Indonesia, the search is taking place largely within the social context of the mass political parties, as well as in the women’s clubs, youth organizations, labor unions, and other sodalities formally or informally linked with them. The severity of the contrast between santri and abangan is in great part due to the rise of nationalist social movements in twentieth century Indonesia. In the larger cities where these movements were born, they were originally of various sorts: tradesmen’s societies to fight Chinese competition.
