ABSTRACT
Pope Innocent referred to Pisa as a generale concilium a designation routinely employed for the papal councils of the eleventh- and twelfth-century reform period. None of the known sources for the assembly exists in documents that emanate directly from the papal chancery, and Girgensohn points out their episodic nature. Re-enforcing the papacy’s drive to mandate celibacy for those in sacred orders and those in the religious life, Pope Innocent stressed what was called the lex continentie. Andresen points to political tensions in the city of Rome to explain the inability of Pope Honorius to hold a Lateran Council. The concord on lay investiture between Calixtus II and Henry V, and the concomitant slate of detailed legislation from Lateran 1 in 1123, has also been proposed to explain the reduced level of conciliar activity in the years immediately after 1122–3.
