ABSTRACT
This chapter reviews the policy challenges posed by such discontinuities and, in particular, by so-called “breakthrough” science and technology. It explores the different dilemmas that arise and discusses some of the frameworks that have been advanced to tackle these challenges. The chapter considers some of the methods of assessment and decision tools and criteria that may be needed for breakthrough science and technology. Science and technology policy (STP) represents a somewhat difficult area for policy-makers. Discontinuity in the paths of scientific and technological development has long been recognised as presenting a difficult challenge to public policy for science and technology. A general point which must be stressed is that science and technology (S&T) assessment can never be regarded as simply an objective “technical” process. Breakthrough and emerging S&T thus pose a major challenge for industry. Another promising approach to assessing breakthrough S&T is provided by roadmapping, which emerges from attempts at technology forecasting and foresight.
