ABSTRACT
In this chapter, I will analyze Western liberal and communitarian approaches to citizenship and then suggest three challenges that they raise in the context of Indonesian Islam. Those who take these approaches differ on many issues, but they agree that citizens ought to be regarded as equals. The equal status of citizens does not mean that they have to be treated alike or that their responsibilities are exactly the same. But it does require an equality of respect – above all, equal rights and equality before the law. This presumption of equality motivates views about rights of citizens. But it also poses problems – particularly in respect to treatment of outsiders.
