ABSTRACT
The development of citizenship, and its relationship with social class, is evidently more complex, and as a process more variable, than Alfred Marshall’s lectures conveyed. A host of new questions about citizenship have emerged which need to be examined in a broader framework, ideally on a world scale, but at all events with reference to the various types of industrially developed countries, and to the problems of citizenship in societies whose populations are far from being homogeneous. The growing interest in formal citizenship–that is, membership of a nation-state-has been provoked to a large extent by the scale of post-war migration, actual and potential, to the advanced industrial countries. In many countries the social rights embodied in the institutions of the welfare state have become less secure as a consequence of the economic recession, and in some cases, there has been a greater reliance on market forces rather than public expenditure.
