ABSTRACT
A central implication of the social approach in innovation is a deep-cutting rejection of 'maximization'. Many studies have shown that the process of innovation is rarely an individualistic dynamic. Innovation occurs when members of all stages collaborate throughout the entire implementation process, learn from one step to another, and allow for returning to a previous stage when required. The difficulty of assessing innovation has been stressed in the Service sector. Many innovations in construction occur at boundaries between speciality trades and in organizational innovations, which are not captured by formal research and development measure. Construction is clearly a multi-faceted industry where elements from each innovation model can be applied. Some innovations are introduced by new products that might follow a technology push model. Some others, particularly initiated from major clients who are increasingly aware of life cycle costs and flexible usability of their construction investment, can be of a market pull model.
