ABSTRACT
Living with animals is perhaps going to be the key future challenge for conservation globally. Across much of the developed world, numerous “rewilding” projects are under way to bring back a suite of locally extinct animals or other suitable replacements (Donlan 2005; Vera 2009). While most of these projects are experimental and restricted within fenced-off, human-free regions, some large and potentially dangerous mammals, including wolves and bears, are making significant comebacks with populations increasing and ranges expanding across Europe, North America and Japan (Boitani 2003; Chapron et al. 2014; Saito et al. 2016), putting them into direct contact with people. People and wildlife already live in close proximity and at very high densities across much of South and South-East Asia, though with seemingly rising levels of “conflict” with each other. Africa is perhaps only now beginning to see a significant human population expansion (World Bank 2014), but is already experiencing significant and increasing human-wildlife conflict (HWC) (Weladji and Tchamba 2003; Madden 2008), which could potentially become worse in the future.
