ABSTRACT
This chapter considers three policies: trade, regulatory and competition policies. It then provides some background on the development of the each policy with an emphasis on the balance of authority between the European and national levels, especially the developments during the twenty-first century. All three policy areas began as core activities of the European project, and all three have experienced subsequent Europeanization. Trade and competition policies, in particular, are among the European Union's (EU's) most closely integrated policies. The chapter focuses on supranational policy-making and intergovernmental cooperation; it also focuses on Member States engaging independently with third parties. The discussion of each policy concludes with an assessment of the relative frequency and significance of these different instances and the direction of change. The chapter concludes by looking across the three policy areas to assess the balance of change in EU foreign economic policy.
